California has required employers to “indemnify” employees for “necessary expenditures or losses incurred by the employee in direct consequence of the discharge of his or her duties, or of his or her obedience to the directions of the employer” in substantially the same terms since 1937 under Labor Code § 2802.

On November 3, 2021, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) within the Department of Homeland Security issued Binding Operational Directive 22-01, Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities.

During the COVID-19 pandemic the world witnessed three direct payments by the US federal government to approximately 165 million Americans for economic relief.